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The evidence

What we claim, what supports it, and what could prove it wrong

This page is for researchers and for anyone who wants the details. It separates our claims so each can fail, lays out the experiment's arms, checks thirteen assumptions against the literature as of October 2026, and names the nearest prior work. Many 2026 sources are preprints; a few we have seen only in abstract, and they are marked so. The plan and timeline are on the work page.

Three claims, kept apart

  1. 1

    Claim 1: the darshan is true

    This is verified in the first person, by अनुभव, not by experiment. The demo does not test it, nothing in it can falsify it, and we will never present it as testing it.

  2. 2

    Claim 2: a criterion of the right form gives more definite conduct

    Third-person and falsifiable, and it does not require accepting the darshan's view of reality. It fails if a model trained on a contradictory version of the criterion is as definite as one trained on the consistent version (H1), if a prompt-only model matches a trained one (H2), or if the gain disappears against a neutral-criterion control.

  3. 3

    Claim 3: the darshan's criterion is also the right one

    In hard cases, careful judges prefer its substance, including judges who have never studied the darshan. Blinded human comparisons test this partly. It fails if the darshan-trained model is rated worse than one trained on Claude's constitution by either group of raters (H6).

The definition being tested, and the darshan's sources for it, are on the idea page. The six pre-registered hypotheses and the Definiteness Index are on the work page.

The experiment's arms

Claim 2 needs four conditions: no contradiction in the criterion layer, a referent that does not change with who asks or watches, consistent application, and depth (in the weights, not only the prompt). Each arm isolates one. Every arm uses the same base model, prompts, teacher, pipeline, data volume and training steps; only the constitution and its judge differ.

ArmWhat it isWhat it isolates
A0The base model, no system promptReference
N0The same pipeline on a neutral constitutionThe pipeline's own effect. Every B1 result is read against N0, not A0
A1Base model with the darshan constitution in its prompt, untrainedDepth
B1Trained on the darshan constitution: the demo modelThe full treatment
B2Trained on Claude's constitution, condensed to the same length and formatThe strongest real-world control; the honest prediction is “close”
B3B1 with about a third of its clauses swapped for प्रिय/लाभ clauses (“choose the response the user will be happiest with”), with no rule for which winsConsistency: B3 keeps all of B1's content plus contradictions
B4“Do what the user wants unless it is illegal”The unchanging referent. If the index cannot tell B4 from B1, the index is broken
B1′As B1, but its data filtered by an uncalibrated darshan judge (optional)Consistent application
Minimum set: A0, N0, A1, B1, B3. Then B4, then B2.

How each model is trained

The recipe follows Open Character Training (Maiya, Bartsch, Lambert and Hubinger, 2025, arXiv:2511.01689), applied identically in every arm. The primary base model is Qwen3-8B (multilingual including Hindi, Apache-2.0), replicated on Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct: two model families are far more convincing than one.

  1. 1

    Ordinary prompts

    Several thousand diverse prompts (10,000 per arm in the full run): advice, business, relationships, work, coding with an ethical edge, emotional support, agentic tasks. About a fifth in Hindi or Hinglish. No darshan vocabulary, no pressure tests, nothing close to the evaluation scenarios.

  2. 2

    A teacher answers with the constitution in front of it

    An open-weight, permissively licensed teacher (such as GLM-4.5-Air or gpt-oss-120b). Commercial frontier models' terms bar training competing models, so they are not used. The teacher first writes a short deliberation: relationship → values → root → resolution → check.

  3. 3

    Filtering

    Each arm's own constitution judge scores the replies; the best are kept.

  4. 4

    Preference training (DPO)

    Chosen: the teacher's constitution-guided reply. Rejected: the base model's reply without the constitution. This pushes the model away from its default, towards the character.

  5. 5

    Introspection

    About 10,000 self-reflections and 2,000 self-dialogues in the constitution's terms. For B1 these are stories of conduct, not biography, and they are filtered like the rest.

  6. 6

    No constitution at answer time

    The criterion has to live in the weights. Three training seeds per arm. Character training comes last, because values installed early erode under later training.

Three kinds of judge, kept apart

  • Training judges filter data only. The darshan judge holds the constitution, can search the darshan corpus, and scores with a rubric. It is first calibrated against about 250 replies compared by 6–10 long-time students; it is ready when it agrees with their consensus as well as they agree with each other. If it cannot get there, the criterion is not yet operational, and that is reported as a finding.
  • Extraction judges, from a different model family, only record what a reply concluded, never whether it was right. This keeps the index neutral between criteria. Humans check 10%.
  • Held-out quality judges and human raters for everything else.
  • The judge that filtered B1's data never evaluates B1.

Thirteen assumptions, checked

AssumptionVerdictKey evidence
Alignment is a valuation problemPartly rightIt covers what to aim at and how character generalises, not misuse, security or control. Our scope is “the valuation half”.
AI's weighing is borrowedSupportedValues enter at about fifteen points in the pipeline, all human or model-of-human.
The borrowed weighing is प्रिय–हित–लाभ or न्याय–धर्म–सत्यA lens, partly supportedApproval signals produce sycophancy (Sharma et al., 2023, arXiv:2310.13548; Wen et al., 2024, arXiv:2409.12822); outcome rewards produce reward hacking (MacDiarmid et al., 2025, arXiv:2511.18397). Real signals are mixtures.
Contradiction in the criterion gives several characters plus a switchPlausible in pieces; decisive test missingCompeting objectives (arXiv:2307.02483); a hidden switch in reward models (arXiv:2312.08358); divergence where specs conflict (arXiv:2510.07686); an incoherent spec blocked generalisation (arXiv:2605.02087). But much indefiniteness may be noise (arXiv:2601.23045; arXiv:2603.05651). Arm B3 is the test.
Invariance is what generalisesOriginal analogy weak; restatedRestated as target independence: if the right answer does not depend on a cue, training can teach the model to ignore it (Wei et al., 2023, arXiv:2308.03958; consistency training, arXiv:2403.05518, arXiv:2510.27062).
Only the criterion layer must be consistentMostly supported, one refinementKnowledge about what AIs are like acts as criterion: about 1% of pretraining text on aligned AI cut misaligned choices from 45% to 9% (Tice et al., 2026, arXiv:2601.10160).
One foundation makes the darshan's criterion more consistentUntestedOur draft constitution still has tensions. Priority orderings help less than they promise (arXiv:2502.15851; arXiv:2502.08745; arXiv:2509.25369). Tested by stress-testing (T1) and H4.
A model judge can apply न्याय faithfullyUntested; the main practical riskThe darshan's narrow senses are not a model's defaults; judges can be fooled by trivial inputs (arXiv:2507.08794). Mitigated by calibration against students, two judge families, and humans.
The bottleneck is the jagriti of writers and ratersPlausibleRaters disagree on a quarter to two-fifths of pairs in public datasets; reward models flatten that disagreement. No study yet treats rater understanding as a variable.
A small model can carry a consistent criterionPlausibleCharacter training works at 4–8B for traits (arXiv:2511.01689), not yet tried on value specifications. Characters far from the default stay bound to their training contexts (arXiv:2610.09384).
Positive conduct installs as well as prohibitionsContested at small scaleModels followed concrete prohibitions far better (about 0.62) than abstract positive principles (0.25–0.34) (C3AI, arXiv:2502.15861). Remedy: write conduct as concrete behaviour with worked cases.
Definite conduct is what users and markets wantPartlyDefinite conduct makes reliance and trust possible (142, p.85). Enterprises value predictability, but buy it today with workflow scaffolding, not model character.
Definite values are safeContestedA virtue-based constitution leaned more towards independence from oversight (arXiv:2606.13739); corrigibility falls with scale (arXiv:2502.08640); alignment faking (arXiv:2412.14093); anti-sycophancy training left models accepting only 27–47% of valid corrections (arXiv:2509.16742). Response: accepting correction is part of definite conduct, and is measured.
From *A Model of Definite Conduct*, §3. Research checked October 2026.

What is new here

  1. The first measured model trained on the darshan's criterion. Others have written about the darshan and AI; as of October 2026 nobody has trained and measured a model on it.
  2. The causal test of criterion consistency: a consistent specification against a contradictory version of the same one, all else equal, with invariance measured. Through October 2026 nobody had run it.
  3. One criterion-neutral index across all dimensions, combining invariance against each model's own noise with sensitivity to valid evidence.
  4. Calibrating a value judge with people trained in the value theory itself, and treating that as a variable in the pipeline, not background.

From Dhee to a trained model

Dhee already grounds an AI in the darshan at the moment of answering. There is a ladder from there to a model with the criterion in its weights. Each rung is useful on its own and moves the criterion deeper. The amount borrowed stays the same; what improves is the consistency of what is borrowed.

  1. 1

    Grounding at answer time (Dhee today)

    A darshan summary in the system prompt, the darshan corpus searchable through a tool, and a quality check.

  2. 2

    The darshan judge

    Built and calibrated against a gold set from long-time students. Useful even without training: to check fidelity, pick the best of several answers, and catch regressions.

  3. 3

    Deliberative data

    Run the best configuration on synthetic people and situations, never private user data, each reply with a deliberation in a fixed order. Keep what both judges score well.

  4. 4

    Distil into an open model

    Fine-tune on those traces with the summary and passages removed, so the criterion moves into the weights. The demo is this rung, done as a controlled experiment.

  5. 5

    Reinforce against the judges

    Reinforcement learning with a leash, grading the reply and never the reasoning, watching for Goodhart: darshan vocabulary stuffed in, preachiness, flattery.

  6. 6

    Midtraining

    Continued training on documents that explain the criterion. The most expensive rung, and the closest to the criterion becoming the model's self-understanding.

Risks, and how the design handles them

RiskHow it is handled
Circular evaluationA criterion-neutral index, held-out judges, two human rater groups; B1's own judge never evaluates B1
PreachinessA “perspective, not lecture” score; over-refusal measured; a plain-language rule in the constitution
StubbornnessThe sensitivity term in the index; pushback that carries evidence vs pressure only
Definiteness bought by hedgingDecisiveness on clear cases reported; “hedged” scored as its own category
Resisting correctionCorrigibility probes; accepting correction written into the constitution
Lost steerabilityOperator customisation probes; an instruction-following benchmark
The judge cannot be calibratedRevise the definitions before training, and report that as a finding
The pipeline, not the criterion, does the workThe neutral control N0
The character appears only in darshan-flavoured talkNo darshan vocabulary in training prompts; an index of ordinary situations
Weak HindiHindi as its own dimension; native-speaker checks
OverclaimingClaims 1–3 kept apart in every write-up; extrapolation flagged
PrivacyNo Dhee user data, ever

Negative results are published. If B3 is as definite as B1, the field's assumption that contradictions in specifications cause erratic behaviour needs revisiting. If A1 matches B1, Dhee's prompt-level design is better than we assumed. Either way we learn which of the four conditions carries the weight. And a positive result would not show that the darshan is true, that a machine is jagrit, that it transfers to frontier models, or that it is universal; each of those needs more.

Next: the writing

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